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The attitude of the communist movement and historical communist states regarding homosexuality has been varied. Views from various communists and communist states have ranged from acceptance to apathy, and even to condemnation. While some communists states historically claimed that homosexuality was a result of capitalist society and of bourgeois decadence (''e.g.'' Cuba),〔Homosexual Desire (Series Q) by Guy Hocquenghem; (8/1/1973 - Report from a Cuban Prison XIV: Homosexuality in Cuba by Frank J. McDonald ); (Gay Rights and Wrongs in Cuba );(PRIDE AND PREJUDICE: Homosexuality - NI 201 - Sexual politics );(The last word Gay liberation )〕 many communists in recent years (particularly in the Western world) maintain that sexual liberation and gay liberation are key issues within communism.〔Outing By Warren Johansson, William A. Percy〕〔(Proletarian Revolution No. 71, Summer 2004 ); 〕 Critics such as Sherry Wolf have argued that socialist movements have been unfairly conflated with the governments of Cuba, China and the Soviet Union on this issue (widely regarded as Communist states), arguing that the socialist and communist movements have historically been accepting of LGBT rights. Karl Marx spent very little of his time discussing sexuality, but was known to hold homophobic views towards gay men in private; Friedrich Engels also condemned male homosexuality and associated it with ancient Greek pederasty. On the other hand, in 1917, Lenin repealed the Tsarist laws in Soviet Russia, thus decriminalizing divorce, abortion and homosexuality. Joseph Stalin re-criminalized homosexuality in 1933, labelling it as a disease.〔West, Green. (''Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison'' ). p. 224.〕 This law withstood through the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was only repealed in 1993 under Boris Yeltsin. == Early history == Communist leaders and intellectuals took many different positions on LGBT-rights issues. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said very little on the subject in their published works. Marx in particular commented rarely on sexuality in general. Norman Markowitz, writing for politicalaffairs.net, writes that: "Here, to be frank, one finds from Marx a refusal to entertain the subject, and from Engels open hostility to the individuals involved." This is because, in private, Engels criticized male homosexuality and related it to ancient Greek pederasty; Marx did also refer to Dr. Karl Boruttau as a ''Schwanzschwulen'' (faggotty prick) in private. The German Communist Party, during the Weimar Republic, joined with the Social Democrats in support of efforts to legalize private homosexual relations between consenting adults. Yet, the situation for LGBT rights in the first Communist government in Russia was somewhat mixed. The Communist Party abolished all Czarist laws and its subsequent criminal code in the 1920s did not criminalize non-commercial same-sex sexuality between consenting adults in private. It also provided for no-fault divorce and legalized abortion.〔Hazard, John N. "Unity and Diversity in Socialist Law".〕 However, homosexuality remained a criminal offense in certain Soviet republics in the 1920s. In 1933, Joseph Stalin added Article 121 to the entire Soviet Union criminal code, which made male homosexuality a crime punishable by up to five years in prison with hard labor. The precise reason for Article 121 is in some dispute among historians. The few official government statements made about the law tended to confuse homosexuality with pedophilia and was tied up with a belief that homosexuality was only practiced among fascists or the aristocracy. The law remained intact until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union; it was repealed in 1993. According to ''RT'', the law against homosexuality led to "several hundred people () charged with it every year" and it "was also a convenient tool for smears and was tacked onto spying allegations during the NKVD purges". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Communism and homosexuality」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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